The English Civil War, which raged from 1642 to 1651, was a period of intense conflict, political upheaval, and cultural transformation. Amid the battles and shifting allegiances, the everyday lives of the people continued, albeit with considerable hardship.
Food, as always, played a central role in daily life, providing not just sustenance but also comfort in uncertain times. One such treat that has survived through the centuries is Jumbals; an intricately shaped, spiced biscuit that was enjoyed during the 17th century.
In this post, we’ll explore the history of the English Civil War, the cultural significance of Jumbals, and how you can bake this historical delicacy in your own kitchen.
Origins of the English Civil War: A Clash Between King and Parliament
The English Civil War, spanning from 1642 to 1651, was a complex and multifaceted conflict that fundamentally altered the course of British history.
It was not just a struggle between two armies, but a clash of ideologies, religious beliefs, and social structures that pitted families, communities, and even entire regions against one another.
The Growing Tensions Leading to War
The war’s origins lay in the growing tension between King Charles I and Parliament. Charles, who believed in the divine right of kings, sought to rule without the consent of Parliament, leading to deep-seated resentment among the members of the House of Commons.
His attempts to impose unpopular taxes and his insistence on religious conformity through the Anglican Church alienated many, particularly the Puritans, who sought to purify the Church of England of its remaining Catholic practices.
The Outbreak of War: Royalists vs. Parliamentarians
The conflict escalated in 1642 when Charles attempted to arrest five members of Parliament, leading to a breakdown in negotiations and the start of open hostilities.
The country quickly divided into two factions: the Royalists, who supported the king, and the Parliamentarians, who sought to limit the monarch’s power and promote a more representative form of government.
Impact of the Civil War on British Society
The war was brutal and widespread, with major battles taking place across England, Scotland, and Ireland. Towns and cities were besieged, and rural areas were ravaged by armies on both sides.
The war also had a profound impact on civilian life. As the conflict dragged on, food shortages became common, trade was disrupted, and the economy suffered. In some areas, communities were forced to choose sides, leading to deep divisions that would linger long after the fighting ended.
Key Battles and the Rise of Oliver Cromwell
The Parliamentarians, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, ultimately gained the upper hand. Cromwell’s New Model Army, a disciplined and well-organized force, played a crucial role in several key victories, including the Battle of Naseby in 1645.
The defeat of the Royalists led to the capture and eventual execution of King Charles I in 1649, a shocking event that sent ripples through Europe, as it was one of the first instances of a reigning monarch being tried and executed by his own people.
The Commonwealth and the Aftermath of the War
With the monarchy abolished, England was declared a commonwealth, and Cromwell assumed control as Lord Protector.
His rule was marked by efforts to enforce Puritan morality, suppressing activities such as theater and gambling, and promoting religious tolerance—though Catholics and Anglicans were often excluded from this tolerance.
However, the commonwealth was short-lived. After Cromwell’s death in 1658, the lack of a strong leader led to political instability, and by 1660, the monarchy was restored under Charles II, marking the end of the English Civil War period.
The war had lasting effects on the British Isles, leading to changes in the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament, and setting the stage for future constitutional developments.
Jumbals: A Delight of the 17th Century
Jumbals (also spelled Jumbles or Jambals) were delicate, sweet biscuits made from simple ingredients like flour, sugar, butter, and eggs, flavored with spices such as caraway seeds, anise, or cinnamon.
What set Jumbals apart was their unique shapes, often twisted or knotted, which were not only decorative but also symbolized good luck and unity.
In a time of war and uncertainty, these biscuits offered a small but meaningful comfort. They were often served at special occasions or given as gifts, embodying the warmth and care of home during a period when the world outside was chaotic and dangerous.
The preparation of Jumbals required time and attention to detail, reflecting the values of patience and craftsmanship that were highly regarded in the 17th century.
Today, baking Jumbals offers a connection to the past and a taste of the resilience and resourcefulness of those who lived through the English Civil War.
Jumbals
Ingredients
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1/2 cup unsalted butter softened
- 3/4 cup sugar
- 2 large eggs
- 1 teaspoon caraway seeds or substitute with anise seeds or cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- A pinch of salt
- Optional: Powdered sugar for dusting
Instructions
Prepare the Dough:
- In a large mixing bowl, cream the softened butter and sugar together until light and fluffy.
- Beat in the eggs, one at a time, until fully incorporated. Add the vanilla extract and mix well.
- In a separate bowl, combine the flour, caraway seeds, and salt. Gradually add the dry ingredients to the wet mixture, stirring until a soft dough forms.
Shape the Jumbals:
- Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C) and line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
- Divide the dough into small portions and roll each portion into a thin rope, about 6-8 inches long. Twist or shape the ropes into knots, rings, or any other decorative shapes you desire.
- Place the shaped Jumbals on the prepared baking sheet, leaving a little space between each biscuit.
Bake the Jumbals:
- Bake in the preheated oven for 12-15 minutes, or until the edges are lightly golden. Keep an eye on them, as the baking time may vary depending on the size and thickness of the biscuits.
- Remove from the oven and allow the Jumbals to cool on the baking sheet for a few minutes before transferring them to a wire rack to cool completely.
Serve:
- Once cooled, dust the Jumbals with powdered sugar if desired. Serve them with a cup of tea or coffee, or package them as a thoughtful gift.